Annotations

# Annotations

**Session 9**

]

---

# Plan for today

.box-5.medium.sp-after[Fretting the little things]

.box-2.medium.sp-after[Text in plots]

.box-6.medium.sp-after[Seeds]

---

layout: false
name: little-things
class: center middle section-title section-title-5 animated fadeIn

# Fretting the little things

---

---

# Little details matter

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/stevejobs.jpg" alt="Steve Jobs" title="Steve Jobs" width="80%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/apple_iie.jpg" alt="Apple IIe" title="Apple IIe" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIe#/media/File:Iie-system.jpg

---

# Obsession with tiny details

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/ibm-circuit.jpg" alt="IBM circuit board" title="IBM circuit board" width="90%">
 <figcaption>IBM PC Jr.</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/apple-iie-circuit.jpg" alt="Apple IIe circuit board" title="Apple IIe circuit board" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Apple IIe</figcaption>
</figure>
]

???

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PCjr#/media/File:IBM_PCB_Jr_Motherboard.jpg

http://www.willegal.net/appleii/appleii-kit.htm

---

# Human-focused design

.box-inv-5.large[“This is what customers pay us for—to sweat all these details so it’s easy and pleasant for them to use our computers.”]

???

Steve Jobs in *Fortune*, as quoted in [Alice Rawsthorn, *Hello World: Where Design Meets Life*, p. 110(?)](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hello_World/b6iMDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=to+sweat+all+these+details+so+it%E2%80%99s+easy+and+pleasant+for+them+to+use+our+computers&pg=PT110&printsec=frontcover)

---

layout: false
class: bg-full
background-image: url("img/09/human-interface-guidelines.png")

???

https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/

---

---

# Graph details: Redundant coding

.box-inv-5.sp-after[One little change makes this far more accessible]

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/coding-not-redundant.png" alt="Non-redundant coding" title="Non-redundant coding" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/coding-redundant.png" alt="Redundant coding" title="Redundant coding" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

Source: Claus Wilke: https://clauswilke.com/dataviz/redundant-coding.html

---

# Graph details: Consistent ordering

.box-inv-5.sp-after[Again, one little change makes this far more accessible]

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/wrong-order.png" alt="Wrong legend order" title="Wrong legend order" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/right-order.png" alt="Right legend order" title="Right legend order" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

Source: Claus Wilke: https://clauswilke.com/dataviz/redundant-coding.html

---

# Details matter

.box-inv-5.medium[Worrying about tiny details in graphs…]

---

layout: false
name: text
class: center middle section-title section-title-2 animated fadeIn

# Text in plots

---

---

# Including text on a plot

.box-inv-2.medium[Label actual data points]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`geom_text()`, `geom_label()`, `geom_text_repel()`, etc.]

.box-inv-2.medium[Add arbitrary annotations]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`annotate()`]

.box-inv-2.medium[Titles, subtitles, captions, etc.]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`labs(title = "blah", subtitle = "blah", caption = "blah")`]

---

# Label actual data points

```r
library(gapminder)

gapminder_europe <- gapminder %>% 
 filter(year == 2007, 
 continent == "Europe")

ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_text(aes(label = country))
```

---

# Label actual data points

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
* geom_label(aes(label = country))
```

---

# Solution 1: Repel labels

```r
library(ggrepel)

ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = country))
```
]

---

# Solution 1: Repel labels

```r
library(ggrepel)

ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
* geom_label_repel(aes(label = country))
```
]

---

# Solution 2a: Don't use so many labels

```r
gapminder_europe <- gapminder_europe %>% 
 mutate(should_be_labeled = 
 ifelse(country %in% c("Albania", 
 "Norway", 
 "Hungary"), 
 TRUE, FALSE))

ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_label_repel(
    data = filter(gapminder_europe, 
                  should_be_labeled == TRUE),
    aes(label = country)
  )
```
]

---

# Solution 2b: Use other aesthetics too

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = should_be_labeled)) +
  geom_label_repel(
    data = filter(
      gapminder_europe, 
      should_be_labeled == TRUE
    ),
    aes(label = country, 
        fill = should_be_labeled),
    color = "white"
  ) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("grey50", 
                                "red")) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("red")) +
  guides(color = "none", fill = "none")
```
]

---

# (Highlight non-text things too!)

```r
# Color just Oceania
gapminder_highlighted <- gapminder %>% 
 mutate(is_oceania = 
 ifelse(continent == "Oceania", 
 TRUE, FALSE))

ggplot(gapminder_highlighted, 
       aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, 
           group = country, 
           color = is_oceania, 
           size = is_oceania)) +
  geom_line() +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("grey70", 
                                "red")) +
  scale_size_manual(values = c(0.1, 0.5)) +
  guides(color = "none", size = "none") +
  theme_minimal()
```
]

---

# Including text on a plot

.box-inv-2.medium[Label actual data points]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`geom_text()`, `geom_label()`, `geom_text_repel()`, etc.]

.box-inv-2.medium[Add arbitrary annotations]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`annotate()`]

---

# Adding arbitrary annotations

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  annotate(geom = "text",
           x = 40000, y = 76,
           label = "Some text!")
```
]

---

# Adding arbitrary annotations

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
* annotate(geom = "label",
           x = 40000, y = 76,
           label = "Some text!")
```
]

---

# Any geom works

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
* # This is evil though!!!
* # We just invented a point
* annotate(geom = "point",
           x = 40000, y = 76)
```
]

---

# Any geom works

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  annotate(geom = "rect", 
           xmin = 30000, xmax = 50000,
           ymin = 78, ymax = 82,
           fill = "red", alpha = 0.2)
```
]

---

# Use multiple annotations

```r
ggplot(gapminder_europe, 
       aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  annotate(geom = "rect", 
           xmin = 30000, xmax = 50000,
           ymin = 78, ymax = 82,
           fill = "red", alpha = 0.2) +
  annotate(geom = "label",
           x = 40000, y = 76.5,
           label = "Rich and long-living") +
  annotate(geom = "segment", 
           x = 40000, xend = 40000, 
           y = 76.8, yend = 77.8,
           arrow = arrow(
             length = unit(0.1, "in")))
```
]

---

# Including text on a plot

.box-inv-2.medium[Label actual data points]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`geom_text()`, `geom_label()`, `geom_text_repel()`, etc.]

.box-inv-2.medium[Add arbitrary annotations]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`annotate()`]

.box-inv-2.medium[Titles, subtitles, captions, etc.]

.box-2.small.sp-after[`labs(title = "blah", subtitle = "blah", caption = "blah")`]

---

# Which is better?

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/caption-yes.png" alt="Figure with text caption" title="Figure with text caption" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/09/caption-no.png" alt="Figure with no text caption" title="Figure with no text caption" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.box-inv-2.sp-after[Neither! Depends on the final document output.]

???

Source: Claus Wilke: https://clauswilke.com/dataviz/figure-titles-captions.html

---

layout: false
name: seeds
class: center middle section-title section-title-6 animated fadeIn

# Seeds

---

---

# Pseudorandomness

.box-inv-6.medium[Your computer uses a complicated algorithm to generate random numbers]

???

https://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2018/06/canadas-random-immigration-lottery-uses-microsoft-excel-which-isnt-actually-random/

---

# 🌱🌱🌱

.box-inv-6.medium[These algorithms all start with something called a "seed", or some number]

.box-6.sp-after[In R this is the current time on your computer + the internal program process ID]

.box-inv-6.medium[If two random functions use the same seed, they'll create the same numbers]

---

# Seeds

.box-inv-6.sp-after[You'll generate 3 random numbers from a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.]

---

# Seeds

.box-6.sp-after[`rnorm(3)`]

---

# Why should we care?

.box-inv-6.sp-after[Because we set a seed the random numbers will be the same random numbers every time]

---

# What is a good seed?

.box-inv-6.medium[Any whole number]

---

# Best practice

.box-inv-6.sp-after[If you're doing *anything* with randomness, include `set.seed(SOME_NUMBER)` at the beginning of your document]

---

# Example

.left-code.small-code[

```r
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = drv, y = hwy)) +
  geom_point(position = 
               position_jitter(seed = 1234, 
                               width = 0.3))
```

.box-6.small[As long as the seed is 1234, those dots will always be in those exact spots on any computer running R]
]